Motivação ao seguimento terapêutico das doenças cardiovasculares: revisão integrativa / Motivation for therapeutic follow-up of cardiovascular diseases: integrative review

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são uma grande preocupação para a saúde mundial. A falta de seguimento terapêutico dessas doenças está associada com o alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Compreender os elementos que motivam essa adesão pode impulsionar a elaboração de intervenções mais efetivas. Objetivo: Identificar os elementos reguladores da motivação ao seguimento terapêutico das doenças cardiovasculares. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa segundo as diretrizes de Whitemore e Knafl. Realizou-se a seleção dos artigos entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021 nas bases de dados: LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE e Cochrane Library, com recorte temporal de 2011 a 2021, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Foram excluídos os artigos de revisão, reflexão, guidelines, protocolos de pesquisa e artigos repetidos. 19 estudos foram selecionados. Resultados: Estudos oriundos de 12 países, mostraram os reguladores de motivação ao tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares em cinco categorias: suporte social, saúde física, autodeterminação, reguladores psicoemocionais e sistemas de cuidado. Conclusão: A motivação apresenta regulações complexas, que mobilizam e potencializam o comportamento humano. Os resultados podem direcionar a assistência de enfermagem e as ações intencionais que influenciem no seguimento terapêutico de doenças cardiovasculares, melhorando os resultados de saúde.

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una preocupación importante para la salud mundial. La falta de seguimiento terapéutico de estas enfermedades se asocia con un alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. Comprender los elementos que motivan esta adherencia puede impulsar el desarrollo de intervenciones más efectivas. Objetivo: Identificar los elementos reguladores de la motivación para el seguimiento terapéutico de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora, siguiendo los lineamientos de Whitemore y Knafl. La selección de artículos se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021 en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE y Cochrane Library. El marco temporal establecido para la selección fue de 2011 a 2021 y los idiomas fueron portugués, inglés y español. Se excluyeron artículos de revisión, reflexiones, guías, protocolos de investigación y artículos repetidos. Se seleccionaron 19 artículos. Resultados: Estudios de 12 países mostraron los reguladores de la motivación para el tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares en cinco categorías: apoyo social, salud física, autodeterminación, reguladores psicoemocionales y sistemas de atención. Conclusión: En esencia, la motivación tiene regulaciones complejas que movilizan y mejoran el comportamiento humano. Los resultados pueden orientar los cuidados de enfermería y las acciones intencionales que influyen en el seguimiento terapéutico de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, mejorando los resultados de salud.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are a major concern for global health. The lack of therapeutic follow-up for these diseases is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. Understanding the elements that motivate this adherence can prompt the development of more effective interventions. Objective: To identify the regulatory elements that regulate the motivation for the therapeutic follow-up of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This is an integrative review following Whitemore and Knafl's guidelines. The articles were selected between December 2020 and January 2021 in the databases: LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, with a time frame from 2011 to 2021, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Review articles, reflections, guidelines, research protocols, and repeated articles were excluded. 19 articles were selected. Results: Studies from 12 countries showed the regulators of motivation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in five categories: social support, physical health, self-determination, psycho-emotional regulators and care systems. Conclusion: In essence, motivation has complex regulations that mobilize and enhance human behavior. The results can guide nursing care and intentional actions that influence the therapeutic follow-up of cardiovascular diseases, improving health outcomes.

Intelligent Chinese Medicine: A New Direction Approach for Integrative Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases / 中国结合医学杂志

High mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist worldwide. Older people are at a higher risk of developing these diseases. Given the current high treatment cost for CVDs, there is a need to prevent CVDs and or develop treatment alternatives. Western and Chinese medicines have been used to treat CVDs. However, several factors, such as inaccurate diagnoses, non-standard prescriptions, and poor adherence behavior, lower the benefits of the treatments by Chinese medicine (CM). Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially in assessing efficacy of CM in clinical decision support systems, health management, new drug research and development, and drug efficacy evaluation. In this study, we explored the role of AI in CM in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, and discussed application of AI in assessing the effect of CM on CVDs.

Compromiso cardíaco en el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico post SARS-CoV-2 en niños / Cardiac involvement in post-SARS-CoV-2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children / Envolvimento cardíaco na síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica pós-SARS-CoV-2 em crianças

Objetivo: describir las características de ocho pacientes pediátricos que se presentaron con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (MIS-C) asociado a SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso cardíaco. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de ocho pacientes con edades entre 1 y 13 años, con diagnóstico de MIS-C y compromiso cardíaco, asistidos en el CHPR. Se analiza su historia clínica, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: los pacientes presentaron fiebre en el 100%, exantema e hiperemia conjuntival en el 88%, síntomas digestivos en el 50%, insuficiencia respiratoria en el 25% y shock en el 50%. Todos requirieron ingreso a cuidados intensivos. La alteración de la contractilidad cardíaca estuvo presente en el 63% de los pacientes, fue leve y segmentaria en el 80%, el 60% requirió soporte inotrópico por 3 días, recuperando una función normal en 7 días. La insuficiencia mitral se presentó en el 25% y el derrame pericárdico en el 38%, ambos de grado leve. Un paciente presentó dilatación de arterias coronarias con Z score < 2. El 85% de los pacientes presentó alteraciones del ECG, en el 29% se trató de alteración en la repolarización, en el 29% intervalo QTc prolongado, en el 15% bloqueo atrioventricular de 1er grado y bloqueo incompleto de rama derecha. Un paciente tuvo fibrilación auricular por 3 días con remisión espontánea a ritmo sinusal. Las troponinas estuvieron altas en el 57% de los pacientes y el ProBNP elevado en el 100%. Todos recibieron inmunoglobulinas, metilprednisolona y aspirina. Conclusiones: se presentaron ocho pacientes pediátricos con MIS-C y compromiso cardíaco, el 50% se presentó en shock, todos requirieron ingreso a cuidados intensivos. El 85% presento alteraciones en el ECG. El 63% presentó compromiso de la contractilidad sectorial y leve, se normalizó en 7 días. El 60% requirió soporte inotrópico por una media de 3 días.

Objective: describe the characteristics of 8 children who presented Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome associated with SARS-CoV2 infections (MIS-C) and cardiac involvement. Material and methods: descriptive, retrospective study of 8 patients of between 1 and 13 years of age, diagnosed with MIS-C and cardiac involvement, assisted at the Pereira Rossell Children Hospital, analysis of their medical records, evolution and treatment. Results: the patients showed: fever in 100% of the cases, rash and conjunctival hyperemia in 88%, digestive symptoms in 50%, respiratory failure in 25% and shock in 50%. All required admission to Intensive Care. Cardiac contractility alteration was present in 63% of patients, the affectation was mild and segmental in 80%, 60% required inotropic support for 3 days and recovered normal functions in 7 days. Mitral regurgitation was present in 25% of the cases and pericardial effusion in 38%, mild in both cases. One patient had dilated coronary arteries with a Z score <2. 85% of the patients presented ECG abnormalities, 29% present alteration of repolarization, 29% prolonged QTc, 15% 1st degree atrioventricular block and incomplete right bundle branch block. One patient had atrial fibrillation for 3 days with spontaneous remission to sinus rhythm. Troponins were increased in 57% of the patients and ProBNP elevated in 100%. All patients received Immunoglobulins, Methylprednisolone and Aspirin. Conclusions: we present eight pediatric patients with MIS-C and cardiac involvement, 50% suffered shock, all required admission to Intensive Care. ECG abnormalities were found in 85% of the patients. Mild and segmental contractility compromise was found in 63% of the patients and normalized in 7 days. 60% required inotropic support for a mean of 3 days.

Objetivo: descrever as características de 8 pacientes pediátricos que apresentaram Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica (MIS-C) associada ao SARS-CoV-2 e comprometimento cardíaco. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de oito pacientes com idade entre 1 e 13 anos, com diagnóstico de MIS-C e comprometimento cardíaco, assistidos pelo CHPR. Seu prontuário médico, evolução e tratamento são analisados. Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram febre em 100%, erupção cutânea e hiperemia conjuntival em 88%, sintomas digestivos em 50%, insuficiência respiratória em 25% e choque em 50%. Todos necessitaram de internação nos cuidados intensivos. A alteração da contratilidade cardíaca esteve presente em 63% dos pacientes, foi leve e segmentar em 80%, 60% necessitaram de suporte inotrópico por 3 dias, recuperando a função normal em 7 dias. A regurgitação mitral ocorreu em 25% dos pacientes e o derrame pericárdico em 38%, ambos de grau leve. Um paciente apresentou dilatação da artéria coronária com escore Z < 2. 85% dos pacientes apresentaram anormalidades no ECG, 29% foram alterações de repolarização, 29% intervalo QTc prolongado em bloqueio atrioventricular de 1º grau a 15% e bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito. Um paciente apresentou fibrilação atrial por 3 dias com remissão espontânea ao ritmo sinusal. As troponinas foram elevadas em 57% dos doentes e ProBNP elevado em 100%. Todos receberam imunoglobulinas, Metilprednisolona e aspirina. Conclusões: houve oito pacientes pediátricos com SMIM-C e comprometimento cardíaco, 50% em choque, todos necessitaram de internação em terapia intensiva. 85% apresentaram elevações no ECG. 63% apresentaram comprometimento setorial e de contratilidade leve, normalizados em 7 dias. 60% necessitaram de suporte inotrópico por uma média de 3 dias.

Características clínicas, tratamiento y evolución de una serie de niños con síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizados en dos centros de salud / Clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution of a series of children with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in two health centers / Características clínicas, tratamento e evolução de uma série de crianças com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica associada ao SARS-CoV-2 internadas em dois centros de saúde

Introducción: en marzo del 2021 se registró el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en Uruguay y un aumento de la infección en pediatría. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, el tratamiento y la evolución de una serie de menores de 15 años con SIM-Ped S hospitalizados en dos centros de salud. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de los niños hospitalizados entre el 1/3 y el 31/6 de 2021 que cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos de SIM-Ped de la OMS. Se analizan variables clínicas, paraclínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: se incluyeron 12 niños, mediana de edad 7 años (22 meses-10 años). Se presentaron complicación posinfecciosas en 8 y en el curso de la infección en 4. Las manifestaciones fueron: fiebre (media 6 días, rango 3-10), digestivas 10 y mucocutáneas 7. Se presentaron como enfermedad Kawasaki símil 5 y como shock 2. La infección por SARS CoV-2 se confirmó por PCR en 6, serología 4 y test antigénico 2. Recibieron tratamiento en cuidados moderados 8 e intensivos 4: inmunoglobulina 9, corticoides 11, heparina 7 y ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Presentaron dilatación de arterias coronarias 2, alteraciones valvulares 2, disminución de la FEVI 2 y derrame pericárdico 2. Todos evolucionaron favorablemente. Conclusiones: en estos centros, los primeros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidieron con el pico de incidencia de COVID-19 en el país. Predominaron las formas postinfecciosas en escolares con manifestaciones digestivas. Este estudio puede contribuir al reconocimiento de esta entidad y adecuar los algoritmos nacionales de manejo.

Introduction: in March 2021, there was a peak incidence of COVID-19 and an increase in pediatric infections in Uruguay. Objective: describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and evolution of a group of children under 15 years of age with SIM-Ped S hospitalized in two health centers. Methodology: descriptive, retrospective study of children hospitalized between 3/1 and 6/31 of 2021 who met the WHO diagnostic criteria for SIM-Ped. Clinical and paraclinical variables, as well as treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results: 12 children were included, median age 7 years (22 months-10 years). Eight of them showed post-infectious complications and 4 of them had complications during the course of the infection. The manifestations were: fever (mean 6 days, range 3-10), digestive symptoms 10 and mucocutaneous 7. Five of them presented a Kawasaki-like disease and 2 of them shock. SARS CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR in 6 cases, serology in 4 and antigenic test in 2. Eight of them received treatment in moderate care and 4 of them in intensive care: immunoglobulin 9, corticosteroids 11, heparin 7 and acetylsalicylic acid 7. Two of them presented dilated arteries coronary , valvular alterations 2, decreased LVEF 2 and pericardial effusion 2. All progressed favorably. Conclusions: in these centers, the first cases of SIMS-Ped S coincided with the peak incidence of COVID-19 in the country. Post-infectious forms predominated in schoolchildren who showed digestive manifestations. This study may contribute to the recognition of this entity and to the adaptation of national management algorithms.

Introdução: em março de 2021, foi registrado no Uruguai um pico de incidência da COVID-19 e um aumento dos casos da infecção pediátrica. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas, tratamento e evolução de uma série de crianças menores de 15 anos com SIM-Ped S internadas em dois centros de saúde. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de crianças internadas entre 1/3 e 31/6 de 2021 que preencheram os critérios diagnósticos da OMS para o SIM-Ped. Foram analisadas variáveis clínicas e para-clinicas, tratamento e evolução. Resultados: foram incluídas 12 crianças, com idade média de 7 anos (22 meses-10 anos). Oito delas apresentaram complicações pós-infecciosas e 4 delas durante o curso da infecção. As manifestações foram: febre (média de 6 dias, intervalo 3-10), digestivas 10 e mucocutânea 7. Cinco delas apresentaram doença de Kawasaki-like e 2 delas sofreram Shock. A infecção por SARS CoV-2 foi confirmada por PCR em 6, sorologia em 4 e teste antigênico em 2. Oito delas receberam tratamento em cuidados moderados e 4 delas em cuidados intensivos: imunoglobulina 9, corticosteroides 11, heparina 7 e ácido acetilsalicílico 7. Duas delas apresentaram artérias coronárias dilatadas 2, alterações valvares 2, diminuição da FEVE 2 e derrame pericárdico 2. Todas evoluíram favoravelmente. Conclusões: nesses centros, os primeiros casos de SIMS-Ped S coincidiram com um pico de incidência de COVID-19 no país. As formas pós-infecciosas predominaram em escolares com manifestações digestivas. Este estudo pode contribuir para o reconhecimento desta entidade e adaptar algoritmos nacionais de gestão.

Avaliação do conhecimento sobre a terapêutica medicamentosa de indivíduos em uso de anticoagulantes orais / Evaluation of knowledge about drug therapeutics of individuals using anticoagulants / Evaluación del conocimiento sobre drogoterapéutica de personas que usan anticoagulantes

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre a terapêutica medicamentosa de indivíduos em uso de anticoagulantes orais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, com participação de 90 indivíduos em uso de anticoagulantes orais acompanhados em ambulatório de anticoagulação em Recife-PE. Os dados foram coletados de abril a julho de 2020 através de dois questionários, analisados por estatística descritiva e dispostos em tabelas. Resultados: A maioria dos indivíduos (42,2%) apresentou conhecimento adequado acerca do tratamento. Na associação do conhecimento com outras variáveis, houve significância estatística entre conhecimento adequado com resultados do International Normalized Ratio dentro da faixa indicada (p=0,001) e com idade menor que 60 anos (p=0,018), e entre conhecimento inadequado com baixa escolaridade (p=0,045), hipertensão (p=0,009) e tabagismo (p=0,041). Conclusão: A maioria dos indivíduos apresentou conhecimento adequado acerca do tratamento. Houve associação significativa entre conhecimento adequado e resultados do INR e entre a idade, assim como conhecimento inadequado e baixa escolaridade, não ser tabagista e hipertensão. (AU)

Objective: to assess knowledge about drug therapy using oral anticoagulant drugs. Methods: Cross-sectional, quantitative study, with the participation of 90 users using anticoagulants or followed up in an anticoagulation clinic in Recife-PE. Data were collected from April to July 2020 through two questionnaires, dispersed by descriptive statistics and arranged in tables. Results: Most owners (42.2%) have adequate knowledge of the treatment. In the association of knowledge with other variables, there was significance between adequate knowledge with results of the International Normalized Ratio within the given range (p = 0.001) and aged less than 60 years (p = 0.018), and between inadequate knowledge with low education (p = 0.018) p = 0.045), hypertension (p = 0.009) and smoking (p = 0.041). Conclusion: Most individuals had adequate knowledge about the treatment. There was a significant association between adequate knowledge and INR results and between age, as well as inadequate knowledge and low education, not being a smoker and hypertension. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento sobre farmacoterapia de personas que utilizan anticoagulantes orales. Métodos: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, en el que participaron 90 personas en tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales seguidos en una clínica de anticoagulación en Recife-PE. Los datos fueron recolectados de abril a julio de 2020 a través de dos cuestionarios, analizados por estadística descriptiva y ordenados en tablas. Resultados: La mayoría de los individuos (42,2%) tenía un conocimiento adecuado sobre el tratamiento. En la asociación de conocimiento con otras variables, hubo significancia estadística entre conocimiento adecuado y resultados de la Razón Internacional Normalizada dentro del rango indicado (p = 0.001) y menor de 60 años (p = 0.018), y entre conocimiento inadecuado con baja educación (p = 0,045), hipertensión (p = 0,009) y tabaquismo (p = 0,041). Conclusión: La mayoría de las personas tenían un conocimiento adecuado sobre el tratamiento. Hubo una asociación significativa entre el conocimiento adecuado y los resultados del INR y entre la edad, así como el conocimiento inadecuado y la baja escolaridad, no ser fumador e hipertensión. (AU)

Cardioprotective Effects of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Regardless of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular impairment, increasing the rates of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic events. Additionally, adverse kidney events are directly linked with T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated both cardioprotective and renoprotective effects in patients with or without T2DM. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aims to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes involving SGLT2i as monotherapy or other add-on antidiabetic agents (ADA) in patients with or without T2DM. Objetive: The present meta-analysis aims to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes involving SGLT2i as monotherapy or add-on other ADA in patients with or without T2DM. Methods: The entrance criteria to SGLT2i studies were: describing any data regarding cardiovascular effects; enrolling more than 1,000 participants; being approved by either the FDA or the EU, and having available access to the supplementary data. The trial had to exhibit at least one of the following results: major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, renal or cardiovascular adverse events, or non-cardiovascular death. The significance level of 0.05 was adopted in the statistical analysis. Results: Nine trials with a total of 76,285 participants were included in the meta-analysis. SGLT2i reduced MACE (RR 0.75, 95% CI [0.55-1.01]), cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 0.72, 95% CI [0.55-0.93]), cardiovascular death (RR 0.66, 95% CI [0.48-0.91]), hospitalization for heart failure (RR 0.58, 95% CI [0.46-0.73]), renal or cardiovascular adverse events (RR 0.55, 95% CI [0.39-0.78]), and non-cardiovascular death (RR 0.88, 95% CI [0.60-1.00]). Conclusions: Conjunction overall data suggests that these drugs can minimize the risk of cardiovascular events, thus decreasing mortality in patients, regardless of the presence of T2DM.

Meta-analysis of Bailing Capsules in improvement of microinflammation and nutritional status among maintenance hemodialysis patients / 中国中药杂志

This Meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the effects of Bailing Capsules on microinflammation and nutritional status of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and to determine its efficacy and safety. The randomized controlled trials concerning the intervention of microinflammation and nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients with Bailing Capsules were searched from Chinese and English databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, EMbase, and Cochrane Library. A total of 16 articles were obtained, involving 1 095 cases. As revealed by Meta-analysis,(1)Bailing Capsules lowered the levels of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein(SMD=-0.92, 95%CI[-1.05,-0.80], P<0.000 01), interleukin-6(SMD=-1.49, 95%CI[-1.96,-1.02], P<0.000 01), and tumor necrosis factor-α(SMD=-1.48, 95%CI[-1.68,-1.28], P<0.000 01) in patients with maintenance hemodialysis, thus alleviating microinflammation.(2)Bailing Capsules elevated the levels of serum hemoglobin(SMD=1.37, 95%CI[1.21, 1.54], P<0.000 01), albumin(SMD=0.78, 95%CI[0.57, 0.98], P<0.000 01), and triglyceride(SMD=0.29, 95%CI[0.07, 0.50], P=0.01) in patients with hemodialysis to improve their nutritional status.(3)Bailing Capsules reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events(RR=0.45, 95%CI[0.34, 0.59], P<0.000 01).(4)A total of six patients presented with mild gastrointestinal discomfort after receiving Bailing Capsules, and no serious adverse reactions were observed. The sequential analysis showed that the sample size of this Meta-analysis had reached the expected value. Meanwhile, the grade of evidence quality suggested that the outcome indicators were mainly low or extremely low in quality. In conclusion, Bailing Capsules might have potential advantages in alleviating microinflammation, improving nutritional status, and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, in view of the low quality and evidence of the included literature, high-quality clinical trials are needed to further confirm the efficacy and safety of Bailing Capsules.

Diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular / Diabetes and cardiovascular disease / Diabetes e doença cardiovascular

La diabetes mellitus es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Este grupo de pacientes generalmente representa una población con alto o muy alto riesgo cardiovascular, razón por la cual se realiza una estratificación precoz del riesgo, buscando enfocarse objetivamente en el abordaje farmacológico y no farmacológico con una estrategia intensiva. La enfermedad cardiovascular representa la principal causa de mortalidad, pero en los últimos años se han producido avances en la terapéutica que han demostrado reducir los eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Este artículo revisa la interacción entre diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares y su tratamiento.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This group of patients generally represents a population with high or very high cardiovascular risk, that is the reason for an early stratification of risk, seeking to objectively focus on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach with an intensive strategy. Cardiovascular disease represents the main cause of mortality, but in recent years there have been advances in therapeutics that have been shown to reduce major cardiovascular events. This article reviews the interaction between diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and their treatment.

A diabetes mellitus é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Esse grupo de pacientes geralmente representa uma população com alto ou muito alto risco cardiovascular, razão pela qual se estratifica precocemente o risco, buscando enfocar objetivamente a abordagem farmacológica e não farmacológica com estratégia intensiva. A doença cardiovascular representa a principal causa de mortalidade, mas nos últimos anos houve avanços na terapêutica que mostraram reduzir os eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Este artigo analisa a interação entre diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e seu tratamento.

Association between common cardiovascular drugs and depression / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

OBJECTIVE@#Cardiovascular diseases are associated with an increased risk of depression, but it remains unclear whether treatment with cardiovascular agents decreases or increases this risk. The effects of drugs on individual usage are also often unknown. This review aimed to examine the correlation between depression and common cardiovascular drugs, develop more potent interventions for depression in cardiovascular patients, and further research on the bio-behavioural mechanisms linking cardiovascular drugs to depression.@*DATA SOURCES@#The data in this review were obtained from articles included in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science.@*STUDY SELECTION@#Clinical trials, observational studies, review literature, and guidelines about depression and cardiovascular drugs were selected for the article.@*RESULTS@#We systematically investigated whether the seven most used cardiovascular drugs were associated with altered risk of incident depression in this literature review. Statins have been proven to have antidepressant effects. Some studies believe angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) can exert an antidepressant influence by acting on the renin-angiotensin system, but further clinical trials are needed to confirm this. Beta-blockers have previously been associated with depression, but the current study found no significant association between beta blockers and the risk of depression. Aspirin may have antidepressant effects by suppressing the immune response, but its role as an antidepressant remains controversial. calcium channel blockers (CCBs) can regulate nerve signal transduction by adjusting calcium channels, but whether this effect is beneficial or harmful to depression remains unclear. Finally, some cases have reported that nitrates and diuretics are associated with depression, but the current clinical evidence is insufficient.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Statins have been proven to have antidepressant effect, and the antidepressant effects of ACEIs/ARB and aspirin are still controversial. CCBs are associated with depression, but it is unclear whether it is beneficial or harmful. No association has been found with β-blockers, diuretics, and nitrates.

Choosing statins: a review to guide clinical practice

ABSTRACT Statins are among the most widely prescribed medicines in the world and have proved their value in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Many patients report adverse effects that lead to interruption of treatment. This review aims to individualize statin treatment, considering efficacy for reducing cardiovascular risk and safety, in the setting of specific diseases, to minimize the side effects and improve compliance. We gathered evidence that may help clinicians to choose specific statins in different clinical situations, such as the risk of new diabetes, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplant, heart failure and elderly people. Efficacy of statins is well established in a large number of clinical conditions. Therefore, main objective is to revise statin in specific clinical settings, based on pharmacokinetics, safety, drug metabolism and interactions to provide the best choice in different clinical scenarios.

Bulas de medicamentos cardiovasculares: elas têm informações sobre precauções necessárias aos idosos? / Cardiovascular drug labeling: Do they have information on necessary precautions for older people?

OBJETIVO: Analisar a existência de informações, em bulas destinadas aos profissionais de saúde, sobre precaução de uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares em idosos. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo documental realizado por meio de análise de dados contidos em bulas de medicamentos. Analisou-se a existência, na bula, de informações sobre precauções no uso de medicamentos para idosos, conforme descrito no Consenso Brasileiro de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados para Idosos de 2016. RESULTADOS: Dos 29 medicamentos pertencentes ao grupo do sistema cardiovascular que devem ser evitados por idosos e estão disponíveis no Brasil, 15 independem da condição clínica prévia do paciente para que sejam vetados para os idosos. Desses 15, apenas 3 medicamentos (20%) têm informações explícitas concordantes com o Consenso (metildopa, digoxina e espironolactona); 2 (13,33%) têm informações explícitas ausentes; 4 (26,66%) têm informações explícitas discordantes; e 6 bulas (40%) foram categorizadas como informações não explícitas. Quanto às precauções dos medicamentos de acordo com a condição clínica do paciente, incluíram-se 14 medicamentos que devem ser evitados por idosos e estão disponíveis no Brasil. Destes, 12 (85,71%) têm em suas bulas recomendações concordantes com o Consenso, porém não explícitas, e 2 (14,28%) não têm as contraindicações. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das bulas carece de informações sobre precauções de uso de medicamentos para a população idosa.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the existence of information on drug labeling intended for health professionals on the precaution of cardiovascular drugs use in older people. METHODS: This is a documentary study, carried out with the analysis of data contained in drug labelings. The existence of information on precautions in the use of drugs for older people as described in the 2016 Brazilian Consensus on Potentially Inappropriate Drugs for Older People (Consenso Brasileiro de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados para Idosos de 2016). RESULTS: Of the 29 drugs belonging to the cardiovascular system group that should be avoided by older people and are available in Brazil, 15 are independent of the clinical condition. Of these fifteen, only three drugs (20%) have explicit information in accordance with the Consensus (methyldopa, digoxin, and spironolactone); two (13.33%) have missing explicit information; four (26.66%) have explicitly discordant information; and six drug labels (40%) were categorized as non-explicit information. Regarding drug precautions according to clinical condition, 14 drugs were included. Of these, 12 (85.71%) have equal contraindications of that of Consensus on their drug labels, however, non-explicit; and two (14.28%) contraindications are missing. CONCLUSION: Most drug labels lack information on the precautions for the use of drugs in older people.

Recomendación rápida sobre el uso de antihipertensivos IECA/ARA II en pacientes con riesgo o documentación de COVID-19 / Rapid recommendation on the use of ACEI/ARA antihypertensives in patients at risk or with documented COVID-19

Ciertos hallazgos preclínicos generaron preocupación en la comunidad científica y en la población general sobre el uso de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) y los antagonistas del receptor de la angiotensina II (ARAII), y los posibles desenlaces adversos asociados con relación a la infección por el nuevo Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2).Por este motivo, nos planteamos como objetivo proveer de recomendaciones dinámicas (living recommendations) para el tratamiento con fármacos IECA o ARA II en pacientes con riesgo o documentación de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (en todo su espectro de gravedad). Se utilizó como metodología la adaptación/adopción de guías de práctica clínica bajo el enfoque GRADE, actualizando la evidencia al 7 de abril de 2020 mediante búsquedas en múltiples bases de datos y consultando a un panel multidisciplinario libre de conflictos de interés. Como resultado de este proceso se arribó a la siguiente afirmación: se recomienda, en contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, en personas que se encuentran en tratamiento con IECA/ARAII, mantener el tratamiento sin cambios por sobre suspenderlo o reemplazarlo por otros fármacos (Recomendación fuerte a favor - calidad de evidencia baja). (AU)

Certain preclinical findings raised concerns in the scientific community and in the general population about the use ofangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA) and the possible adverse outcomes associated with the infection with the new Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2). For this reason, our objective is to provide living recommendations for treatment with ACEI or ARA in patients with risk or documentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (inall its severity spectrum). The adaptation/adoption of clinical practice guidelines under the GRADE approach was used as a methodology, updating the evidence as of April 7, 2020, by searching multiple databases and consulting a multidisciplinary panel free of conflicts of interest. As a result of this process, the following statement was reached: it is recommended, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in people who are undergoing treatment with ACEI/ARA, to maintain the treatment unchanged instead of its suspension or replacement with other drugs (Strong recommendation in favor - low quality ofevidence). (AU)